Essay on The Medieval knight and Chivalry - 1383 Words

The Medieval Knight and Chivalry The Medieval knight followed a strict and detailed Code of Chivalry, which dictated his lifestyles and actions throughout the medieval ages. A man went through a lot to become a knight. The training took years and it was very tedious at times. â€Å"The obligations of knighthood were so heavy that sometimes squires refused knighthood and remained squires all their lives†(Buehr 33). After all the years of training, one day made it all worthwhile. The knighting ceremony was very involved, solemn and religious. The night before, the soon-to-be knight knelt on an altar praying to God and reflecting on his future knighthood. The next day, he was clothed all in white. He attended a mass where he made his vows. He†¦show more content†¦The fifth was courage: knights often had to choose the harder paths of life, the one that would cost them. Therefore, a knight was to be prepared to make personal sacrifices in order to serve those he was loyal to. Also, a knight was to seek wi sdom. Courage also involved unconditionally taking the side of truth, not seeking the convenient lie. They were to seek the truth whenever possible, having to remember to mix justice with mercy, if they did not, the pure truth may bring grief. â€Å"Knight-errantry involved many discomforts, but a true knight had been taught to face them with gaiety of heart†(Mills 160). The sixth basis of the code was faith: a knight was to have faith in his beliefs; faith entrenched him and gave him hope against the misery which failure created. The seventh was humility: a knight was to value others contributions, not boasting of their own accomplishments. They were to let others value their accomplishments for them. A knight told of other’s deeds before they told of their own, giving everyone the fame they had earned through these deeds. The eighth facet to knighthood was largesse: knights were expected to be as generous as they possibly could. This made sure that a knight was not gluttonous. Largesse also made the path of mercy easier to continue following when a difficult decision of justice came about. The ninth was nobility: a knight was to seek great statureShow MoreRelatedMedieval Chivalry Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesEach different aspect of the code of chivalry held a separate role in society. Whether it be religious or barbaric, chivalry tended to hold a moral guideline among those who followed it. This moral guideline held them true to their duties to man, God, and women (Sex, Society, and Medieval Women). All of which are reflected in the three themes of Chivalry: Warrior chivalry, religious chivalry, and courtly love chivalry (Sex, Society, and Medieval Women). These three hold their individual roles, allRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales, written by Chaucer, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written by an1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canterbury Tales, written by Chaucer, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written by an anonymous author, are both sophisticated fourteenth-century examples of medieval romance. Medieval romances captured the heart of their audiences as narratives and stories that featured a protagonist, often a knight, and dealt with religious allegories, chivalry, courtly love, and heroic epics. The concept of the knight emerged from the remnants of the Anglo-saxon literature and ideals and influence of theRead MoreThe Ideals Of Knighthood And Chivalry946 Words   |  4 PagesThe Development of the Ideals of Knighthood and Chivalry in Medieval Europe Centuries after the fall of the Roman empire and decades of invasion and violence by the Vikings, North Africans and Magyars, had resulted to a turbulent and violent period spanning several generations in Europe. From this unstable period a warrior society that revolved around castles and rule through arbitrary violence emerged throughout Europe as feudalism. The conflict of outside forces caused a revolution of public justiceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sir Gawain And The Green Knight804 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many elements that are used to classify medieval literature. Beside the obvious association to the medieval time period, the writings contain unique aspects that create the iconic medieval tale. Characters within medieval romances are larger-than-life, courageous, and noble. The people of the Middle Ages openly received each of these traits, because of the importance they put on acts of nobility and chivalry. The themes of medieval stories were based on beliefs or i deas, expressed by theRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1073 Words   |  5 Pagesthe first character introduced was the knight. Geoffrey Chaucer depicts the knight correctly by characterizing him as a chivalrous and honorable man, which contrasted him from the rest who had bad behaviors and that he was a heroic figure. The prologue began with the descriptions of the knight that showed how such a perfect and heroic man he was. It was seen when Chaucer wrote, â€Å"who from the day on which he first began to ride abroad had followed chivalry, truth, honor, generousness and courtesy†Read MoreJason Mack. Ms. Davis. English I. 24 April 2017. The Honor896 Words   |  4 PagesJason Mack Ms. Davis English I 24 April 2017 The Honor of Sir Galahad The knights of King Arthur’s time were not only brave, but they were righteous, gallant, and faithful. In King Arthur’s time, chivalry was everything. Knights were expected to do battle, be religious, and be respectful to women. One such knight was Sir Galahad. He was the son of Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic and became a knight at King Arthur’s Round Table. The story of Sir Galahad was shared in The Quest of the Holy Grail fromRead MoreThe Middle Ages : Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1742 Words   |  7 PagesGawain and the Green Knight was written in the thirteenth and fourteenth century, along with Morte D’Arthur. Both medieval epics exemplify bravery and courage as their themes. â€Å"The only universal European institution during the Medieval Era was the Catholic Church which had all the local power within the local bishops† (Sagona). The church saw itself as the only spiritual place of Christian believers, thus it had a large amount of influ ence on Medieval people, including knights. Christian roles andRead MoreKnighthood And Chivalry In The Green Knight And Le Morte DArthur1055 Words   |  5 Pages In Medieval Time, knighthood and chivalry were very important. In their society, knights played a major role. Knights made sure that the towns were protected, and made sure everyone stayed safe including the King. Knights also had a system to follow which contained religious, moral, and social code-this system was named Chivalry. If you were considered as a knight, you had to follow this system at all times. Some acts that were included in chivalry was loyalty, honor, courage, and courtesy. ManyRead MoreChanges to Knighthood throughout the Years942 Words   |  4 Pagesand morals. The original medieval nights were originally servants who kept their lords lands after they served in their lords armies. With time christian values were added to knighthood â€Å"involving respect for the church, protection of the poor and the weak, loyalty to one’s feudal or military superiors, and preservation of personal honour† (Knight 3). These became known as the knights orders they followed to achieve greatness. The first recognized group of knights evolved during the CrusadesRead MoreKnights Of The Middle Ages1531 Words   |  7 Pages Knights of The Middle Ages The broad-shouldered and muscular knight stood before his king, ready to take fealty. His sword glistened from being wiped clean of battle. The knight was well-known and honored throughout the kingdom. These males made different vows to protect their country. There were ceremonies for these oaths. They had special clothing for battle and everyday living. Part of this was do to the codes of chivalry. Chivalry has been around for centuries. Knights like those of the middle

Foreign affair essay Free Essays

It shouldn’t matter if those people live across the globe. As long as they are human, they should be treated with respect because everyone is created with equal amount of rights and no one can take them away. If we don’t made any decision to end this type of camp in North Korea, there will be more people that will be torture and slaughter. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign affair essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Conservatives said that we should stay away from foreign affair due to the fact that we have our own problems. So we need to mind our own business before sticking our nose into other country. They want to let foreign country to solve their own problems. For example, we have our own people that are struggling financially like people living on the street and people that are jobless. They argues that these funds that goes into helping other country comes from American citizens, so logically it should be used for American citizens and not other country. It’s like if Andy gives Jon a piece of candy, shouldn’t Jon gives Andy something back in the future? They also suggest that since we are already in a huge debt, so why bother to increase it even more? Also what if all other countries are getting aired of waiting for their money and on top of that they see us giving money away. Of course they will get even more mad thinking that we are pushing their limits. While it’s needlessly to say that all of those arguments aren’t true, I want to point out a couple of things. First, even though we have our own problems we needs to solve, the fact remains that nothing can be ever done in a day. What mean by that is that America already is trying to help the homeless people. There are churches and charity organizations that help homeless people. The government also has programs that help out poor people. For example, food drives, food stamp, and homeless assistance program. Plus some of these people are just lazy; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration estimates that 25 % of homeless people are drug abuser, they need to realize they have choice in American, they can choose to get a job(SHAMS Survey). Also, this issue can be compared to bullying. Bullying is currently a major issue. We have campaigns around the nation that are trying to stop bullying with the reason being that the victims can’t solve it by themselves. These campaign aims for everyone to participate to stopping lulling. And if anyone knows what somebody is getting bully then we needs to step in and help the victim. With that being said, if we stay with the thinking of â€Å"mind out own business† or â€Å"let them solve it on their self†, we are being a huge hypocrite because even though we are not related to those foreign country, we still share one similarity. That similarity is that there is human living inside of all those country and we are all created equal. So it’s very self- explanatory if we see one of us struggling then we should help out one another. And it’s not like country like North Korea can solve it them self either, the whole country is brainwashed into thinking that Kim Gong UN is the greatest. So why would anyone dare to stand up against their own role model. Second is that the opposite view also argue that the funding that goes into aiding another country comes from American citizens, so therefore it needs to be use on American citizens. While that seems very logical, they didn’t use our constitution to the fullest. If that’s is the case then why don’t we let American citizens decide whether or not if they want their tax money goes onto foreign affair. So before We do anything with their tax We ask them to vote on whether or not if they want to put their money down. One of the long standing issues we have in America is debt. The conservative believes that we might increase our debt by intervening with other country. But if we don’t, then communism country like North Korea might spread even more. And we already dislike communism to the fullest already, so don’t feel like we should just stand and watch. What if communism spread throughout the world and we are the only democracy county. Then eventually we will fall to communism as well. So if we do participate in foreign affair, we can help them build up a better government and establish more foreign trade. Therefore, instead of looking it as dumping money away, we should see this as an opportunity as an investment. It might even improve the trade market and reduce our debts. My view on this topic should be very clear by now, but I want to talk about the real reasons I support protecting human rights in North Korea. Perhaps people don’t know about the situation in North Korea, that’s why am here to explain what really goes down in the harsh prison camps in North Korea. First of all, some of the prisoners that are in the camp don’t even belong in there. They are sentence there because they are related to the political enemies of North Korea. By doing this, North Korea aims to get rid of everybody that doesn’t agree with their government Doesn’t this sound familiar? The Answer is yes. This is exact same principle, Hitler and his Nazi group followed, that â€Å"killed over 6 million of Jews in the holocaust. â€Å"(Rosenberg). This principle is not only illogical, but also heartbreaking. Innocent people including children are being punished without committing a crime but because of the communism’s leader hatred beliefs. According to my experience, every time when we mention the Holocaust in history class it will always brings a gloomy feeling to the room whether you are Jews or not. And if was to ask anyone if they had the power to get rid of the Holocaust, they all would want to. Then I can’t understand why anyone wouldn’t want to stop this type of madness. It’s the same thing but a different country. The other thing is that those prisoners re tortured, killed, and treated like animals. People’s finger is chop off with the reason being accidentally dropped something. Kids are hit with a club until they are unconscious or dead if they didn’t obey the rules. The prison guard would treat woman like they are animals, forcing them to do things that are explicit and shameful. â€Å"Many prisoners are beaten to dead and executed for stress relief. â€Å"(Adams). All these things lower their morality and turn those people into a beast with no sense of humanity. I have made my point to argue that America should step in and help a brother out. At the end of that day, we are all human, living on the same planet, eat the same food, and share a same goal. In Conclusion, America should participate in foreign affair to stop human right abuses. I understand that by doing this, we will lose resources and receive criticisms. Of course, everything comes with a price. But I strongly believe that the gain will over weigh the loss. I believe that it bring peace and prosperity to the world. This is a step ladder to world peace, even though it seen impossible to achieve, hopefully someday we will all comes to realization hat life is short and we need to make better use of our life. How to cite Foreign affair essay, Essays

Anti-Integrin Therapy-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss abou the Anti-integrin therapy to dampen Inflammation and reduce scar formation. Answer: Anti- integrin therapy is being widely used by the scientists and the researchers presently. It is being used in treating several types of diseases such as cancer and help in the survival of human beings. Integrin proteins expressed on both endothelial and tumor cells and hence it helps in mainly three activities such as antiangiogenesis; anti-invasion; and anti-tumor.Anti- integrin therapy is also used in curing individuals suffering from including multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. Alpha4beta1 (very late antigen-4) and alphaLbeta2 (leucocyte function-associated antigen-1) integrins have important roles in other immune processes such as including the formation of the immune synapse and the differentiation of T helper 1 lymphocytes.It is very painful for the individuals who suffer from scarring in excess that results from resulting from burns, scalds and several other injuries.It leads to both physically and psychological effects in them.Presently we do no t have any licensed drugs that prevent or reduce the formation of scar.Inflammation plays a significant role in the normal of wound healing process.It has been observed that it does not require infection to occur. But if the inflammation is prolonged, it does not lead to the healing of wound (Mosli, Rivera-Nieves and Feagan 2014). Inflammation in excess plays a significant role in the formation of scar in which the level of inflammation in an acute wound will determine the extent to which fibrosis and scarring would occur. It has been observed through several research experiments that unfavourable effects of repair in the tissues including fibrosis and the formation of scar occurs due inflammation that is associated with macrophages. According to the experiments, wounds that do not have or have low numbers of macrophages have experienced reduced fibrosis and scarring as compared to wild-type mice.Targeted depletion of macrophages during the early inflammatory stage (days 0-5) of healing resulted in scarring to a minimum level in a mouse model.According to these results it can be suggested that reducing the numbers of macrophages and early inflammation (day 2-5) could potentially reduce the formation of scars. Macrophages are immune cells that play a significant role in regulating the formation of scars. They enter the wound as a monocyte 2 days after the injury occurs.There are a few proteins known as surface integrins that play an important role for the migration of monocytes into sites of inflammation and injury. Integrins are adhesion receptors and consist of two subunits, that help in mediating the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These interactions are important for the adhesion and migration of the cell. There are different types of integrins and are expressed in a different manner. Integrins such as D2, M2, Xto, L2 and E7 are specific two leukocytes. Integrins act as excellent therapeutic targets since their ligand-binding domain is exposed to the extracellular milieu and they can be inhibited through pharmacological means.There are certain diseases which can be treated in an effective manner by using licensed anti-integrin therapies that target integrins that are specific to immunity. They are used effectively in clinical settings to treat diseases in which inflammation plays a significant role in the progression of disease.As the inflammatory processes play a crucial role in the healing of wounds and anti-integrin therapies have been successful in reducing inflammation in other diseases, it is proposed that anti-integrin therapy will reduce inflammation and thus improve the formation of scars. Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by macrophages, and by renal mesangial and tubular epithelial cells. It plays a crucial role in stimulating the release of interleukin (IL)-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor- (TGF-). Blockage of TNF- is presently used in the treatment of several autoimmune inflammatory diseases after being researched widely in clinical laboratories. It was hypothesized that blocking TNF- with a monoclonal antibody would help in preventing inflammation and renal fibrosis in crescentic glomerulonephritis. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine whether blocking specific monocyte integrins reduces inflammation and improves scarring outcomes in a burn mouse model. We have developed a novel therapeutic monoclonal antibody named Scarless. In this study we will test the efficiency and mechanisms of Scarless to reduce monocyte migration into burns wound tissue. Ethical Considerations Laboratory animals should be provided with humane care and healthy conditions during their stay in the animal house of the laboratory or the institution.The rats used for the experiment should be provided proper food and diet and they should not be harmed or tortured in any manner. All the ethical principles should be followed by the researchers while conducting the experiment and the members of the ethical committee should keep a check on the procedures that are being followed. The facilities of housing the animals in the laboratory should meet or exceed current regulations and guidelines and should be inspected twice a year.There should be experienced psychologists , veterinary doctors and their assistants should keep a check on the behavior of the animals who are taken into consideration for the experiment. They should keep a check and be aware of the differences between unusual behaviors and the normal.They should assess them in a proper manner and provide treatment of health pro blems if required. Experimental controls Two groups of rats are taken for the study and one of them acts as the control to compare the results at the end of the experiment. Equipment required Materials of Immuno histochemistry such as slides, paraffin sections and stains Methodology Antibody blockade of TNF-a reduces inflammation and scarring .Male rats of weight between 200 to 250 grams and age between 6-8 weeks should be taken .They should be provided proper diet and water (Schulz et al.2015)A blocking IgG2a monoclonal antibody to rat TNFa (C432) should be used in the experiment. Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorosence technique is to be used in the procedure. The monoclonal antibodies that are specific for rat monocytes or macrophages should used while conducting the experiment. Nephrotoxic nephritis was induced in rats by intravenous injection of rabbit antirat glomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephrotoxic serum (NTS). Anti-TNF- monoclonal antibody or saline was given by intraperitoneal means and three times per week in four protocols: experiment 1, days 0 to 7; experiment 2, days 0 to 14 and days 4 to 14; experiment 3, days 4 to 28; and experiment 4, days 14 to 28. Results In the experiment 1, rats that were treated from disease induction had less glomerular fibrinoid necrosis and fewer glomerular macrophages at day 7. In the experiment 2, rats treated from day 0 or day 4 showed an improvement in the renal function, as observed by serum creatinine, with a significant reduction in crescents.In experiment 3, anti-TNF- treatment reduced urine protein to creatinine ratio and urinary MCP-1 levels by a significant amount. Serum creatinine was preserved at both the days 14 and day 28. Tubulointerstitial inflammation, glomerular and tubulointerstitial scarring, and markers of fibrosis [-smooth muscle actin (-SMA) and type IV collagen] were less in treated rats at day 28 in a significant manner. In the experiment 4, serum creatinine was greater and tubulointerstitial scarring was lower in delayed-treated animals. Conclusion When the endogenous TNF- is neutralized it leads to a reduction in inflammation in the glomerulus, formation of crescent, and tubulointerstitial scarring, with preservation of renal function, in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. Blockade of TNF- is effective even when it is introduced at the time of maximum glomerular inflammation.After the study, it can be concluded that blocking TNF-a prevents inflammatory response in mouse model (Berghe et al.2014 ). References Berghe, T.V., Linkermann, A., Jouan-Lanhouet, S., Walczak, H. and Vandenabeele, P., 2014. Regulated necrosis: the expanding network of non-apoptotic cell death pathways.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology,15(2), p.135. Freeman, S.A., Goyette, J., Furuya, W., Woods, E.C., Bertozzi, C.R., Bergmeier, W., Hinz, B., Van Der Merwe, P.A., Das, R. and Grinstein, S., 2016. Integrins form an expanding diffusional barrier that coordinates phagocytosis.Cell,164(1), pp.128-140. Ley, K., Rivera-Nieves, J., Sandborn, W.J. and Shattil, S., 2016. Integrin-based therapeutics: biological basis, clinical use and new drugs.Nature reviews. Drug discovery,15(3), p.173. Mosli, M.H., Rivera-Nieves, J. and Feagan, B.G., 2014. T-cell trafficking and anti-adhesion strategies in inflammatory bowel disease: current and future prospects.Drugs,74(3), pp.297-311. Schulz, J.N., Zeltz, C., Srensen, I.W., Barczyk, M., Carracedo, S., Hallinger, R., Niehoff, A., Eckes, B. and Gullberg, D., 2015. Reduced granulation tissue and wound strength in the absence of 111 integrin.Journal of Investigative Dermatology,135(5), pp.1435-1444. Wynn, T.A., Chawla, A. and Pollard, J.W., 2013. Origins and Hallmarks of macrophages: development, homeostasis, and disease.Nature,496(7446), p.445.

Java Vs. C++ Essays - Cross-platform Software, Java Platform

Java vs. C++ subject = Freshman title = Java vs. C++ Since their inception, computers have played an increasingly important role in today's society. Advancements in technology have enabled computers to become faster and cheaper. Today, the majority of families own a home computer that is vastly more powerful than giant mainframes of years gone by. Computer hardware has been evolving rapidly with no end in sight, and with all of the advancements in computer hardware come advancements in computer software; gone are the days when FORTRAN and COBOL were the languages of choice. Today,vvv two hot new object oriented programming languages have entered the computer programming arena, Java and C++, this paper will examine the similarities and differences between these new languages. Both Java and C++ are object oriented programming languages, but what does that mean? Object oriented programming (OOP) emphasizes data, instead of algorithms for solving problems. Instead of trying to fit a problem to the procedural approach of a language, OOP attempts to fit the language to the problem, in other words, OOP is structured to produce an answer without changing the question. Object oriented programming involves two separate parts, class and objects. Class is a specification that describes a new data form, it is a template that defines how an object will look and behave.(Kaj 1996, 8) An object is that particular data structure constructed using the parameters defined by class.(Prata 1995, 5) The object oriented programming approach to program design is to first design classes that accurately represent those things with which the program deals. A drawing program, for example, might define classes to represent rectangles, lines, circles, brushes, pens, and the like. The class definitions, recall, include a descriptions of permissible options for each class, such as moving a circle or rotating a line.(Prata 1995, 5) The main advantages of OOP, besides being able to create more complex software, and develop answers without changing the questions, are numerous. OOP facilitates creating reusable code, which can save a lot of work. Information can be hidden to safeguard data from improper access. Polymorphism lets the programmer create multiple definitions for operators and functions, with the programming context determining which definition is used, also Inheritance lets the programmer derive new classes from older ones. When using OOP, the programmer can focus on representing concepts, instead of concentrating on tasks. (Prata 1995, 6) Java, although in many respects similar to C++, is actually just a more simplified version of the latter. Java has a C++ like syntax, but it is more purely object oriented, also, memory management, which can be a problem with C++, is no longer a factor with Java, due to the fact that Java incorporates a built in garbage collector, which makes it unnecessary to explicitly free allocated memory.(Kaj 1996, 1) Another difference is that Java, unlike C++, does not contain pointers.(http://www.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov/devtools/java/java/noMoreC/index.html) (A pointer is a variable that tells a computer where data is placed.)(Prata 1995, 93) Java does not have an explicit pointer type, instead, it does passes all arrays (information entered into the program and stored in memory) and objects by reference,(http://www.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov/devtools/java/java/noMoreC/index.html) meaning that the objects or arrays in question have been defined elsewhere in the program, and the programmer does not have to k eep pointing out wh ere that information is stored. Since Java does not contain pointers, struct and union (two C++ favorites) are not part of the language because they rely on pointers to function.(http://www.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov/devtools/java/java/noMoreC/index.html) Java differs from C++ in other ways too, command line arguments that are passed to a Java application are different in number and type than those passed to a C or C++ program. For example, when someone starts a C++ program, the system passes two parameters to it: argc- the number of arguments in the command line, and argv- a pointer to an array of strings that contain the arguments. When a Java application is started, the system passes only one parameter, args- an array of Strings (not a pointer to an array) that contain arguments.http://www.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov/devtools/java/java/noMoreC/index.html Speaking of strings, (A string is a series of characters, much like a sentence.)(Prata 1995, 8), they are different in Java. In C++, strings are stored in arrays, in Java strings are treated as their own objects, and do

Closer Look to Malaysia Tourism Essay Example

Closer Look to Malaysia Tourism Essay Example Closer Look to Malaysia Tourism Essay Closer Look to Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Topic: Our Countrys Good Today, tourism becomes more and more important sector in the world’s economy. Travel affects every continent, country and the city by the influx or outflow of tourists. Furthermore, it is subject to social, economic changes and competition. The world becomes a global village because of tourists and business tailoring directly relating jobs to tourism as well as support industries increasing export of local product. In the Southeast Asia region, Malaysia is a model how to take the best from tourism by making it better and better. In this writing, Malaysia and its people is closely seen. As for tourism, we will look into history of Malaysia’s tourism development together with how Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board manages it. Its marketing strategies are also analyzed in the current trends of the world’s tourism. Finally, we will come to arousing thinking tourism in Malaysia and Vietnam in comparison and experience learning. MALAYSIA – COUNTRY AND ITS PEOPLE Situated just north of the equator, covering an area of 330,400 square kilometers, Malaysia is actually made of two land masses: West Malaysia or Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia including Sabahand and Sarawak. Malaysia comprises 13 states, having Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia as neighbors. The various of states offer an incomparable and exiting variety of tropical jungles, warm climate, beautiful beaches, hill resorts. Malaysia experiences diversity in races and in culture. The people of Malaysia include the majority of Malays, Chinese, Indians and other ethnic groups. Each racial group retains and nature’s their individual traditions, customs and lifestyle. Malaysian always boasts a friendly smile and the most often heard phrase is â€Å"Selanat Datang† simply meaning welcome. MALAYSIA TOURISM PROMOTION BOARD (MTPD) The establishment of the Tourism Development Corporation Malaysia in 1972 was considered the first step of Malaysia’s tourism. After the remarkable efforts in developing and promoting tourism, the Ministry of Arts Culture and Tourism (MOCAT) was incepted in 1992, is an agency under the MOCAT which officially governs tourism industry. In April 2004, MOCAT was split to separate the ministry responsible solely for matters to relate to tourism. Meanwhile, the MTPB is responsible for the marketing and promotional aspects of tourism. It works in collaboration with local tourist offices and operates many oversea offices. It is said that they are vary effective in obtaining reservation for Malaysia. MTPB vows its mission statement: marketing Malaysia as the destination of excellence and making the tourism industry a major contributor to the socio-economic development of the nation. MTPB has objectives concerning marketing Malaysia as an outstanding tourist attraction, attracting world’ attention to Malaysia’s images that uniquely splendor and beauty of the country, increasing number of tourist arrivals. RECENT ACHIEVEMENT Tourism is currently the second highest contributor to Malaysia’ Gross Domestic Product after manufacturing. Malaysia caught up with Singapore and Thailand in term of tourist arrivals and tourism receipts, making it a destination in it own right. Recent, Malaysia tourism experienced mostly increase in number of foreign visitor. From January to September 2004, the number of foreign visitors to Malaysia reaches 11,711,440 increased by 64. 5% against the same period last year. Tourist arrivals to Malaysia are increasing rapidly according to Immigration Department. Tourism receipt is total around US$ 2. 5billions on average each year. Domestic visitor has also been considerably growing. The tourism industry now is the country’s third largest foreign exchange earner. The MTPB has received a prestigious World Travel Mart Silver Award for its remarkable contribution to regional travel and tourism industry. MARKETING STRATEGIES Tourism is very sensitive sector. The strategies of tourism development need to match with the strengths and the weakness of a country. Malaysia has taken full its advantages and opportunities of developing tourism as well as overcoming its difficulties to have its right decisions. It can be seen that the advantages of Malaysia tourism are the outstanding natural beauty, the cultural diversity, good accessibility, good tourism facilities, safety and English widely spoken. Its opportunities for multi-destination or cross border tourism have been vastly improved. Young travel, World Heritage Site branding and better access through budget carriers and potential can be transformed into economic benefit. The success of tourism depends on its marketing strategies. Marketing strategies process comprises identifying target market, estimating tourist arrivals, and describing strategy to meet goals and objects. â€Å"The tourism industry has changed And Malaysia tourism players have also changed their strategies and marketing plans to fit in with the challenging time’’ Minister of MOCAT, Dr Ng Yen Yen said. Here comes the tactics to attract tourist to Malaysia. POSITIONING TARGET MARKET Market shifting is necessary in tourism, especially when the world is threatened by terrorism and epidemic. Under any circumstance Malaysia has its marketing strategies to concentrate on selecting market besides domestic market. Domestic market is concentrated to avoid losing a large number of visitors for other countries. Now Malaysian has become more aware of local and regional places and realize. There are attractive destinations in their own country to explore. Besides traditional market namely Singapore, Thailand and West Asia, China, India and some Europeans are considered positioning target market to increase tourists to Malaysia. We must build up our regional and local destination. We must not forget a huge market like China which also hold vast opportunities’’, Dr Ng Yen added. In an effort restore its tourism figures, Malaysia Tourism has launched a number of promotions to tap the potential India market. Malaysia wants to create a niche market for leisure tourism and pursue a new area, in expending their potential. The World Travel Mart on 12 Nov 2004 has enabled Ma laysia to gauge the climate of global tourism to be in a better and competitive position. Based on an average of 12 million tourists a year, the target of 15 million tourist arrivals this year can be achieved in the strategies of positioning target market. ATTRACTION SLOGAN An attractive slogan, referring to no second better and more suitable is very important in tourism. A successful slogan should be an attention getter, raise the country’s image and lure visitors to the country. How you feel about the slogan â€Å" Fascinating Malaysia ’’. At the time of the year 1998, it was considered a successful slogan. It aroused interest about Malaysia as a orth – discovering world. It promised the exiting trip to Malaysia. Over the years, Malaysia‘s image has been changed from â€Å"Beautiful Malaysia ’’ to â€Å" Only Malaysia ’’, followed by â€Å" Fascinating Malaysia ’’ and currently â€Å" Malaysia – Truly Asia ’’. As a multi-racial and multi-cultural country, Malaysia shows a colorful custom and religion. The multiple facets of the country are what make Malaysia so fascinating and colorful to tourists. Hence, the country is marketed under the â€Å" Malaysia – Truly Asia† branding to the world. Ideally, Malaysia’s slogan posses AIDA – A means getting attention, I – holding interest, D – arousing desire and A – obtaining action. Come to Malaysia, you will have the experience of entire Asia only a smile away. Remind us of Malaysia automatically ring the slogan â€Å" Malaysia – Truly Asia†. TOURISM PROMOTION In order to popularize the image of Malaysia and its tourism product, the MTPB takes parts in or operates many activities and events: Trade and Tourism Fair, Consumers Fairs, Seminar/ Workshop Malaysians are experts in exploring its natural resources and its advantages. Every year, Malaysia’ s Tourism holds many international and national events to draw foreign visitors to Malaysia. Response from tourism players for the upcoming 15th MATTA International Travel Fair is encouraging, without 200 exhibitors taking up about 95% the booths for yearly events. â€Å"With more people taking part in the fair, people more recognizing Malaysia’s potential as a top tourist spot with beautiful attractions†. World Amateur Inter – Team Golf Championship and World Grand Prix were organized with the objective of promoting holiday’s destinations that offer golfing facilities to both the international and local markets. Today, Malaysia is increasingly viewed as a prime exhibition and convention venue, which offers professional expertise backed by support service and attractive tourists places. Malaysia becomes one of the tops 21 MICE locations worldwide and the MICE markets in South East Asia. Color of Malaysia is a sere of activities concerning cultural festivals, sumptuous cuisine and resplendent costumes. â€Å" Come to Malaysia to experience Asia†. This is how cultural diversity and religious help to promote tourism. Malaysia is known as a beautiful land and a shopping paradise. â€Å" Go holiday. It is all here in Malaysia†. Malaysia Megarable is a big deal for all visitors. The local and international emporiums, designer boutiques and stores all cross Malaysia participate in the creation of fantastic. Besides, the Eighth Malaysia Plan’s strategy (2001 – 2005) reflects the expending of international access in new strategic tourist market as well as promoting Kuala Lumpur Beyond the city. In addition, the Rural Tourism Master Plan was built on the two main strengths of Malaysia namely its beautiful countryside and friendly people to create a new brand of tourist experience for visitors, particular long stay visitors. It is being aggressive promoted by Terengganu State government for island tourism. The main approach to transform rural tourism in Malaysia is â€Å" Starting Small to Grow Big† to create new destinations as a part of the tourism marketing strategy as existing destinations could be improved. Malaysians are improving the perception and the image of Malaysia as a liberal Muslim country with a harmonious and multi-religion nation. Part of this includes proving international publicity of hosted events and international participants that Malaysia is a safe and friendly destination. CO-OPERATION Tourism is an element interdependently among the other sectors. Therefore, Co-operation is vital. The MTPB ha recognized and co-operation with the international and national airline for directs flight to tourist destinations to draw visitors. Tourism Malaysia and Airline Malaysia offered the â€Å" Showcase Malaysia Mega Deals† that entitles a free day for four days and three nights in Malaysia for two on purchase of air tickets in Malaysia Airlines. Tourism Malaysia and Singapore have also joined hands for the first time to offer the special package on a twin sharing basis where a traveller would get to spend three nights in Langkawi – the natural paradise of Malaysia and one night in Singapore. In view of improving cross – industry and cross – national Co-operation, the different market scenario, Sabah Tourism together with the State and Federal governments, Tourism Malaysia, the Airlines, hotels and tour operators must work closely with all their resources to have more effective promotions of regional tourism. WHY WE CHOOSE MALAYSIA? As you know, Malaysia’s Tourism is much more developed and more attractive than Vietnam although we also have potentials and advantages as Malaysia. Malaysia and Vietnam share some similarities in natural attractions. Malaysia has been successful in creating and raising their image of its tourism as well as luring tourists to there. Meanwhile, Vietnam has not taken full its advantages and founding its own right strategies. However, from the marginal similarities, Vietnam’s Tourism could take advantage of Malaysia’s experience. The situation of Vietnam is not satisfactory as it could be. Vietnam is seen as the land of tourism potential. The matter is how to explore the resources. A closer look on Tourism Malaysia can help Vietnam National Tourism Administration can have more experience while they form their marketing strategies and how to explore Vietnam’s potentials. We hope to see the bright future of Tourism Vietnam as ‘’ a destination for new millennium. † With the aim of transforming the Malaysia’s â€Å" low yield tourism † to that of â€Å" high yield †, Malaysia is carrying out gradually and making it true. Despite its late entrant in the racing of tourism industry, Tourism Malaysia has grown rapidly and affirmed its position in the world’s tourism after the serious efforts in developing and promoting tourism. Malaysia ‘s Tourism foresees a brilliant future.

Fala - Franklin D. Roosevelts Favorite Dog

Fala - Franklin D. Roosevelt's Favorite Dog Fala, a cute, black Scottish terrier, was President Franklin D. Roosevelts  favorite dog and constant companion in the last years of FDRs life. Where Did Fala Come From? Fala was born on April 7, 1940, and given as a present to FDR by Mrs. Augustus G. Kellog of Westport, Connecticut. After a short stay with FDRs cousin, Margaret Daisy Suckley, for obedience training, Fala arrived at the White House on November 10, 1940. Falas Name As a puppy, Fala had been originally named Big Boy, but FDR soon changed that. Using the name of his own 15th century Scottish ancestor (John Murray), FDR renamed the dog Murray the Outlaw of Falahill, which quickly became shortened to Fala. Constant Companions Roosevelt doted on the little dog. Fala slept in a special bed near the Presidents feet and was given a bone in the morning and dinner at night by the President himself. Fala wore a leather collar with a silver plate that read, Fala, the White House. Fala traveled everywhere with Roosevelt, accompanying him in the car, on trains, in airplanes, and even on ships. Since Fala had to be walked during long train rides, Falas presence often revealed that President Roosevelt was on board. This led the Secret Service to codename Fala as the informer. While in the White House and while traveling with Roosevelt, Fala met many dignitaries including British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Mexican President Manuel Camacho. Fala entertained Roosevelt and his important visitors with tricks, including being able to sit up, rolling over, jump up, and curl his lip into a smile. Becoming Famous and a Scandal Fala became a celebrity in his own right. He had appeared in numerous photographs with the Roosevelts, was seen at major events of the day, and even had a movie made about him in 1942. Fala had become so popular that thousands of people wrote him letters, causing Fala to need his own secretary to respond to them. With all this publicity surrounding Fala, Republicans decided to use Fala to slander President Roosevelt. A rumor was spread that President Roosevelt had accidentally left Fala in the Aleutian Islands during a trip there and had then spent millions of taxpayer dollars to send a destroyer back to fetch him. FDR answered these allegations in his famous Fala Speech. In his speech to the Teamsters Union in 1944, FDR said that both he and his family somewhat expected malicious statements to be made about themselves, but that he had to object when such statements were made about his dog. FDRs Death After being President Roosevelts companion for five years, Fala was devastated when Roosevelt passed away on April 12, 1945. Fala rode on the Presidents funeral train from Warm Springs to Washington and then attended President Roosevelts funeral. Fala spent his remaining years living with Eleanor Roosevelt at Val-Kill. Although he had lots of room to run and play with his canine grandson, Tamas McFala, Fala, however, never quite got over the loss of his beloved master. Fala passed away on April 5, 1952, and was buried near President Roosevelt in the rose garden at Hyde Park.

NFL Personnel Hiring for market plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NFL Personnel Hiring for market plan - Essay Example This was done in order to guarantee a large audience-not everyone can make it to the stadiums. Some of the television stations include NFL network, ESPN, FOX and NBC. Some of the radio stations owned by the NFL include Westwood one, Sports USA and the United Stations Radio Networks. (Green Berg, 2007) Players in the NFL all belong to a union called the NFLPA. This union has the mandate to negotiate contracts for players. The players are governed by a contract called the CBA. Players are only allowed to play for teams that endorse them. Other older players are allowed to negotiate their contracts with other teams after a certain number of years. The contract signed by the players and the NFL has regulations regarding salary packages and it stipulates what are the minimum and maximum amounts to be paid to players. The NFL has a peculiar way of picking out its players. It normally uses the NFL draft. Teams usually endorse a player and earn the right to keep him. However, trades can be made for players from other teams upon agreement by the first team that chose him. The NFL requires that the Franchise owners pay an amount of fifty dollars when they appear for drafting. This is normally done annually in the month of April. There are specific amounts given to those who get first, second and third place. Franchise owners are allowed to make moves as soon as the draft is complete. They also have to pay a small amount for every interchange made in order to finance an award at the season's end. (Sands, 2002) Once these players have been selected by their teams, they are allowed to play in any position within the team that chose them. Franchise owners are supposed to choose players from six categories that include quarterbacks, kickers, defenders, running backs, tight ends and wide receivers. Each category has a maximum number allowed by the league. Franchise owners should submit in names of players that will participate in the expected week's game from all the categories listed above. Trade offs between franchise-owners for players are permitted only after notifying the commissioner. In addition, there must both agree to the terms of the deal. This can only be done within a stipulated amount of time. Franchise owners must make sure they do not exceed the deadline. Waivers can be done all through the season after payment of a specified fee. In addition, there must be a notification to the franchise owners that a player has been waived. (Ed Gruver, 1997) The League can overrule a player trade off that has been done unfairly. This could be possible when a team has taken a player in order to weaken a certain team and to strengthen itself unfairly. Franchise owners can also conduct a vote that overrules decisions by the commissioner. Names chosen by Franchise owners must be free of offence. This is especially in regard to players' wives. The commissioner can also reject names that are deregulatory or stupid. As franchise owners enter the league, they ought to submit their logos. Lastly, there is a provision for a modification of the rules after the end of the season. Here, there must be a unanimous vote by franchise owners. How the last Franchise expansion was done There are a number of franchise expansions that have characterized the National Football League. A good example is the Houston Texans Team. This expansion was done in the year 1997 by franchise owner Bob McNair. He wanted to bring

The Positive and Negative Effects of Confucianism in East Asian Essay

The Positive and Negative Effects of Confucianism in East Asian Cultures - Essay Example The researcher of this essay aims to pay special attention to the three main elements of ethics form the core of Confucianism. These elements are Ren an obligation of altruism  and humaneness for other individuals within a community, you the obligation to do good and li a system that defines how a person should act within a community. There are just the 3 primary components of the Confucianism philosophy. Apart from these, etiquette, loyalty, filial piety, relationships and various other elements from the structure of this system. The philosophy, politics, society and the business industry of East Asian nations like China, Japan and Korea were all based on the concepts of Confucianism. According to historical facts, these countries prospered in leaps and bounds, all due to the fact that they followed the Confucian ethics in all aspects of the society. The philosophy of Confucianism was practiced in many cultures and countries in East Asia like China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea Vietnam an d various Chinese occupied territories like Singapore. China, however, was the birthplace of Confucianism. It came into being from the sixth century to the third century B.C., an age described as "The Age of Philosophers". Eventually, during 141 to 87 BC, it was declared as a state philosophy by Emperor Wu of Han. Confucianism in Japan began at a time when â€Å"Confucianism† was quite different from what it is today. During the long years from the fall of the Latter Han dynasty in 220 CE through the Tang (618–907), the classics esteemed by Confucius remained an important part for those who exercised authority over others. The sixteenth year of the reign of Ojin is often taken as the start of Japan’s experience with Confucianism, with traditional dating assigning this to 285 but around 404 being the more likely. Reportedly, in that year a Confucian scholar from the Korean kingdom of Paekche, Wang In (known as Wani in Japanese), arrived in Japan to tutor a son of Ojin, bringing along with him copies of the Analects and the Thousand Character Classic. And this is how Confucianism in Japan took off. During Korea’s lengthy Choson dynasty (1392–1910) Confucian ideals were deeply valued. In the early Choson scholars imported Confucianism from China, establishing it as the governing political ideology and further developing Korean-style neo-Confucianism. Modeling neo-Confucian ideals, they transformed Choson into a thoroughly Confucian society during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is an accepted fact that the nations of East Asia constitute a part of the fastest growing economy in the world. In the past 30 years, 3 smalls East Asian nations – South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore have exhibited phenomenal economic growth which now rivals that of Japan’s. These countries are now ranked as having the world most successful economies. The explanation for this boom in the economic systems can be dedicated to the fact that Confucian values form an ethical thread across the East Asia nations. The philosophy of Confucianism is dictated by a harmonious collective social order. This, in turn, ensures absolute loyalty and obedience to authority from the subordinates. This is the base that enabled the East Asian nations to skyrocket their economy.

Theory still have value Essay Example for Free

Theory still have value Essay Jean Piaget (1896 1980) was a constructivist theorist. He saw children as constructing their own world, playing an active part in their own development. Children are intrinsically motivated to interact with their environment and so learn about the world they live in. Piagets insight opened up a new window into the inner working mind and as a result he carried out some remarkable studies on children that had a powerful influence on theories of child thought. This essay is going to explain the main features and principles of the Piagetian theory, how Piaget has influenced education and relate the Piagetian theory to two challenging perspectives, social constructivism and connectionist modelling. Piaget saw children as constructing their own world, playing an active part in their own development, which was the bulk of his work but also believed that social context was an important feature as well. Children are intrinsically motivated to interact with their environment and so learn about the world they live in. Piaget believed that children had the ability to adapt to their environment and saw intelligence as an evolutionary process. Piaget alleged childrens thinking goes through changes at each of four stages (sensori motor, concrete operations and formal operations) of development until they can think and reason as an adult. The stages represent qualitatively different ways of thinking, are universal, and children go through each stage in the same order. According to Piaget each stage must be completed before they can move into the next one and involving increasing levels of organisation and increasingly logical underlying structures. Piaget stated that the lower stages never disappear; they become integrated into the new stage (hierarchic integration) (Inhelder and Piaget, 1958). Children themselves, through their actions on the environment, interacting with there biologically determined level of maturation, bring about the cognitive changes, which result in adult thinking. The stages theory is open to criticism as they are too rigid and neglects individual differences such as memory span, motivation etc. Piaget also underestimated the age at which children could do things. This maybe because he failed to distinguish between competence and performance. Piagets studies tested performance and then he assumed that a child who failed simply lacked the underlying cognitive structures that he believed were needed to succeed on that task. Subsequent research suggests that a child may have these competencies earlier than Piaget suggested. However, simply to focus on age limits is to miss the central point of Piagets theory that universal, qualitative, biologically regulated cognitive changes occur during development. This is supported by cross-cultural research that has replicated Piagets findings (Smith et al, 1998). A positive aspect is that Piagets view of children as active constructors of their own cognitive world had considerable educational implications, with its emphasis on discovery learning, sensitivity to childrens readiness to learn, and acceptance of individual differences. Piagets main features suggest that the role of the teacher is to allow children to engage with their environment in an active way and have appropriate experiences at appropriate times so as to foster their natural capacity to learn. (Gupta and Richardson, 1995 p8) These experiences will only be effective if full account is taken of the childrens level of understanding. As a result Piagets psychological research has provided evidence for the Plowden report and some teachers have applied Piagets theory to their teaching methods in relation to the importance of active learning, qualitative differences between child and adult thinking, and the influence of environmental experience on development. Piagets theory is immensely rich, deep and quite often very difficult; as such it resists encapsulation. However, it is possible to draw out certain themes. Piaget clearly distinguishes between development and learning, believing the former to be a spontaneous, structured whole, in contrast to the provoked, limited nature of the latter. Piaget argued that there are four main factors in the development of one set of structures from another: maturation, experience, social transmission and equilibration. Piaget devised a number of ingenious tests of thought to illustrate this style of thinking and to study how children developed the ability to realise that there are things that do not change even when there are perceptual transformations. (Light and Oates, 1990 pg 101). He illustrated his concepts of egocentricism by using a three mountains task and conservation tasks. These studies came to the following conclusions that children are: 1) unable to conserve, 2) They are unable to reserve mental operations and 3) they are perceptually egocentric. When discussing Piagets experiments ecological validity needs to be taken into account. Piaget used his own children as participants and the clinical interview method also casts doubts. Another criticism relates to the concept of biological maturation or readiness. If the development of cognitive structures is related to maturity, then practice should not improve performance. In other words, if a person is not biologically ready to move on to the next stage then no amount of practice should get them there. However, there is evidence to suggest that practice can make a difference (Danner and Day 1977). Piaget did not deny the role of experience. He used the concept of horizontal decalage to explain why it is that not all aspects of the same stage appear at the same time; for example, the ability to conserve number and volume may not appear at the same time, but one after the other. He suggested that uneven cognitive performance is probably due to different learning experiences. A third criticism relates to the role of language and social factors. Piaget did not feel that language influenced cognitive development. To incorporate these two elements researchers have extended Piagets experiments. Margaret Donaldson (1978, as cited by Lights and Oates, p 114) argued that the real problem with the Piagetian tasks is that they are testing diembedded thinking on the part of the child; they are asking the child to solve problems unrelated to the childs own knowledge and experience. A change in materials used will enable children to perform better on some tasks than on others.

The United Kingdom & Ireland: A Comparison of Healthcare Systems Essay

(92%) The United Kingdom and Ireland, a set of European countries connected by a common border, share at least one other trait, and that is, they both have universal healthcare systems. The majority would expect the two countries’ health system to operate in a similar manner, due to their close proximity and the fact that they are both universal, but in fact the opposite is true. The Irish healthcare system and structure is very different from the United Kingdom’s National Health Service (Gold, 2011). A composition of four constituent countries, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom (UK) is a sovereign country that is commonly referred to as Great Britain (or Britain) (Johnson & Stoskopf, 2010, p. 85). Located at the northwest corner of Europe, the United Kingdom has experienced one of the most prosperous periods of sustained growth in all of Europe, exhibiting a relatively steady rise in maturity and enterprise development for over 150 years (Johnson & Stoskopf, 2010, p. 87). This is a reversal of a trend seen in the first half of the 20th century where according to the CIA World Fact Book, the United Kingdom’s role as a world power was seriously depleted between two world wars, followed by the Irish withdrawal from the union. The second half of the century watched the slow dismantling of the British Empire and the United Kingdom rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation (Johnson & Stoskopf, 2010, p. 85). A country stepped in tradition and institutionalism, Britain is one of the only countries that has no common set of governing documents, i.e. Declaration of Independence, Bill of Rights, Constitution. Instead governmental roots can be traced back to the Magna Carta of 1215 whic... ...he clinical effectiveness of pharmaceuticals and the process for calculating cost effectiveness should not prove to be too difficult. The problem lies in the fact that the Food and Drug Administration does not have the power to prevent a drug from making it to market if it is found to be ineffective in relation to cost. Additional barriers stem from opposition from consumers who say the purchase decision should be the consumers’ choice. In the United Kingdom, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) uses a $50,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) threshold for access under its National Health System (NHS). If a drug does not meet this threshold then it is denied. The value of $50,000 is substantially lower than recent estimates in the United States that put the value of a life year at close to $175,000 (Vernon, Goldberg, Dash, Muralimohan, 2007).

Psychology, Theology, and Sprituality in Christian Counseling Essay

In his conceptual book, Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling (1996), McMinn presents a convincing presentation of a multitasking counselor who has developed a niche in the counseling world. New age Christian counselors have developed simultaneous skills that embark on the areas of psychology, theology, and spirituality. This begins our journey down the path of understanding how values and perspectives can be changed as a result of a well rounded, multitasking Christian counselor. With life illustrations and brief counseling scenarios throughout this book, McMinn (1996) provides the reader with an excellent working model of identifying and relating life experiences to Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality. The opposition of modern psychology and theology practices is delivering different contemporary messages concerning mental health. Psychologist Albert Ellis wrote, â€Å"The emotionally healthy individual should primarily be true to himself and not masochistically sacrifice himself for others.† Versus Christian spirituality that identifies and states in scripture that as individuals we are instructed to look out for the interest of others (Phil. 2:4) and to prefer one another in honor (Rom 12:10) (McMinn, 1996). As McMinn works through the concepts of integrating these three distinct disciplines, Christian counseling becomes more complex and multifaceted. Christian counselors set their eyes upon God with an individual’s spiritual growth and mental health in their mind. In addition to placing the pieces of a battered mental health condition focus to the forefront, their client’s eternity of life and knowledge of God is an important piece of the puzzle. A more detailed perspective of psychological and spiritual health, allows every individual to recognize their responsibility to God, to their family and friends and to themselves. As humans, we must understand and have a healthy awareness of brokenness to allow ourselves to experience grace and hope in the midst of our walk on this earth through life’s trials and tribulations with Jesus Christ. Integrating psychology, theology, and spirituality in addition to the niche of multitasking, all three disciplines in unison takes time, energy, loyalty, and dedication of the counseling profession. In the last two thirds of this book, McMinn uses prayer, scripture, sin, confession, forgiveness, and redemption to show us a glimpse of the counseling world. The problem with sin is that it separates us from God; the wonder of redemption is that individuals are brought back into relationship with God. (McMinn, 1996, p. 265). A redemptive Christian counselor has humility and compassion and experiences God’s grace with gratitude. Scripture yanks people out of the grips of sin as a redemptive God shines through. Those who deny sin see no need for spiritual redemption. Confession, allows us to acknowledge our sin and our desperate need for help and through the grace of God we receive forgiveness and experience redemption. Once our affections turn to God, our prayer will never be the same. Our lives will be completed changed and everlasting. â€Å"Bless the Lord, O my Soul, and do not forget all his benefits-who forgives all your iniquity, who heals all your diseases, who redeems your life from the pit, who crowns you with steadfast love and mercy, who satisfies you with good as long as you live so that your youth is renewed like the e agle’s†(Ps. 103:2-5). Response Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy and my burden is light.† As I had struggled throughout my chaotic childhood dealing with the presence of alcohol, drugs, fighting, and uncertain living conditions in my circle of life, I developed the ability to discern which people were right for me in my life. My perception of family was skewed. At the age of 7, I lost my grandfather and life’s losses of my protectors continued until 2004 with the death of my first husband Dale. My life was over. My family was a mess. I had just started a new church and I wasn’t sure where God was in my life. My father in law, who preached my husband’s funeral, started providing Christian guidance and support as a lay counselor. We prayed and shared scripture together. At the age of 33, I learned the true meaning of prayer. I knew how to pray and I knew how humbled I had been in my prayers for Dale. In the kindness of his God filled heart, he taught me that humility allows us to see God’s word. As I study and read my Bible, I continue to learn the importance of a Christian family for support and guidance and the necessity to share the story of Jesus Christ. My father in law stepped out in faith to help turn my life around. Through his obedience, I work to help others who are hurting find the power of prayer and scripture in their times of heartache. Reflection As I read through Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling (McMinn, 1996), a highlighter was used to mark special passages I needed to keep in the forefront of this class. There are so many key notes to remember in the text, the book was turning a nice shade of yellow. Anyone who is starting out in the counseling field should be required to read this book. McMinn does an excellent job of showing the reader how to integrate our Christian faith and spirituality into the secular world with real life reflections. Christian counselors want to follow the will of God and McMinn provides the examples, guidance, and techniques on how to incorporate God into the counseling session. The major drawback with this work concerns the conclusion. Throughout the reading, it is apparent McMinn is preparing the counselor to learn the skill of multi-tasking. In two pages, McMinn summarizes the whole book. The most important part of integrating the three diverse areas of studies is profound enough for him to provide a greater level of detail to the new counselor concerning the background of multitasking. Success lies in the strategy that is used in multitasking these three distinct practices and beliefs. In dealing with the secular world, this skill is a necessity to bring all three disciplines together. Action I am sending you out like sheep among wolves. Therefore be as shrewd as snakes and as innocent as doves. â€Å"Be on your guard against men; they will hand you over to the local councils and flog you in their synagogues. On my account you will be brought before governors and kings as witnesses to them and to the Gentiles. But when they arrest you, do not worry about what to say or how to say it. At that time you will be given what to say; for it will not be you speaking, but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you. (Matthew 10:16-20). God has given me back tenfold since the loss of my first husband. I have established myself as a praying respiratory therapist at UVA. As Jesus calls me into the counseling field, he is preparing me for the secular world. In my environment, people are at the lowest points of their lives. I use Gods calling on my heart and spirit to reach out in Christian love to these individuals and families. God places pastors, judges, professional basketball players, the rich, the homeless, the curable, the dying, in my path for a reason and a purpose. Life is simple when you are obedient. Go where God calls you. The people I come into contact with are not by accident. I minister to their hearts through their illness and time of need. I pray for God to give me the strength and the right words of his will to deliver to the sick and their families. I pray for each individual that crosses my path to find the love of Jesus Christ and meet him in heaven to spend an everlasting life with our father.

Bipolar Disorder Essay

What is Bipolar Disorder? A Brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in moods Also known as manic-depressive disorder It consists of manic episodes, depressive episodes, and/or hypomanic episodes People with bipolar disorder are also usually diagnosed with anxiety, attention deficit disorder, substance abuse, or physical health problems There are three types of bipolar disorder: Bipolar I Disorder – diagnostic criteria At least one manic episode May or may not have had a depressive episode There are more specific subcategories because it varies from person to person Bipolar II Disorder – criteria At least one hypomanic episode (not fully manic) At least one major depressive episode There are also more specific subcategories Cyclothymic Disorder – criteria Numerous hypomanic episodes Periods of depression Never have a full manic or major depressive episode Symptoms must last 2 yrs. or more and they can’t go away for more than 2 months What is a manic episode? A manic episode is a period of abnormally and persistently elevated, irritable, or expansive moods that last at least one week. To be considered a manic episode the mood disturbance must be severe enough to cause noticeable difficulty at work, school, or social activities Symptoms are not due to the direct effects of other things like drug use, other medications, or having a medical condition What is a hypomanic episode? A hypomanic episode is a distinct period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that lasts at least 4 days. The mood disturbance must be severe enough to cause a noticeable change in functioning The episode is not severe enough to cause significant difficulty at work, school, or in social activities Symptoms are not due to the effects of something else such as drug use or other medications What is a depressive episode? A depressive episode is a period of major depression not caused by grieving Major depressive episode usually occurs directly after the manic episode ends Treatment Bipolar Disorder requires lifelong treatment – even during times when there are no symptoms Treatment is typically guided by a psychiatrist Primary treatment includes medications, individual counseling, and support groups Risk Factors Blood relative with Bipolar Disorder Periods of high stress Teens through mid-20s Drug and alcohol use Major life changes Statistics on Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder affects about 5.7 millions adults in America (about 2.6% of the U.S. population) Median age of onset is 25 years old It is seen almost equally in men and women More than 2/3 of people with Bipolar Disorder have at least one close relative with the disorder Bipolar is the 6th leading cause of disability in the world 1 in 5 patients with Bipolar Disorder commits suicide 9.2 year reduction in expected life span

Essays Samples

Essayss Essayss White Americans Males are ranked the second highest among other races in cigarette smoking in the United States. Statistics indicates that approximately 42 million of American populations are cigarette smoker as per the year 2013. However, 60 % of this population is adults with men being the most prevalence than women taking 66%. The research The Story of Progress: Women, African Americans and Industrial Workers from 1865 to 1938 Analisys The history of the United States is a story of progress. Over a relatively short period of time, the country passed almost all stages of growth and decline to create equally favorable life conditions for all population groups. The period between 1865 and 1938 in America was marked with numerous successes and failures. From the The Most Important Terminology in Investment Informative Introduction An investment is a monetary security purchased with the idea of creating more earnings in future or with the hope that the security will appreciate and be sold at a profit. The current paper will look at the most important terms in investment. Asset Allocation It is a term given to the investors’ investment The Culture Analysis of Aruba Analisys Cultural norms comprise stereotypes of perceptions inherent in the collective subconsciousness of a specific nation. Undoubtedly, stereotypes, bias, and prejudices are representing the misinterpretations, when the objective appreciation of reality is hindered by the subjective meanings that had been greatly influenced by cultural factors. These conceptions are often unjust and do not adequately reflect reality. Mahatma Gandhi Analisys The beginning of the twentieth century was marked by a string of events that have changed the course of the world’s history. In this respect, the World War I can be regarded as an event of extreme historical, cultural, political, economic, and social importance. The system of causes and effects associated with the WWI can Long Essay: Atlantic System Informative Introduction Atlantic System refers to the systematic network of trade established in 17000, which linked the three continent of Europe African and America. The trade relationship between the three parts of the continents was also referred to as the triangular trade. The European were the key player in the Atlantic system where they sell slaves Learning Theories and Technology Informative Abstract This paper discusses how different learning theories affect the process of learning. It discusses the theories and looks into how each theory impacts on online learning – the latest form of technological advancement in learning. The paper also looks at how each learning theory can be used to ensure maximum benefits of knowledge acquisition International and Domestic Political and Cultural Based Threats Introduction Dialectical thesis about the transition of quantitative changes into the qualitative   ones is fully applicable to the PRC. China has become one of the determining factors of global economic development, becoming an influential regional power in East and Central Asia, including the Korean Peninsula. It seeks to achieve the level of global political force Mythology and Religion Informative Mythology and religion are the subjects that have given people constant inspiration throughout the history. The need to illustrate the connection between myths and religion is to make people understand that there is no substantive difference between the worship of the god of Jews, Christians, and Muslims, as well as the cults of Egypt and Functional Classifications of Advertising Informative Introduction Advertising Advertising is simply a relatively low-cost strategy of conveying selling information to various prospective customers. It entails the process of buying benefactor-identified time or media space to promote an idea or product. In most cases, advertising can secure leads for intermediaries and salespersons by convincing readers to bid for additional information and identify Ethics: Monsanto vs. Francois Chemical Poisoning Ethical Scenario Analisys According to Harman, ethics or moral philosophy is a discipline in the social sciences that undertakes the persistent, systematic, and rational defence of the concept of right or wrong. Psychologists coined the word ethics from a Greek noun ethos, which means habit or the acceptable custom. In psychology, ethics examines the broad question of what Ethical Dilemma Nursing Introduction The contemporary world of nursing is full of the diversity of ethical issues, which tend to take its place in practice of every nurse. Experience makes it a mandatory step in the extension of knowledge and awareness on the various ethical issues, which can arise at any moment. It should become a goal of Effect and Reaction of Globalisation Analisys Abstract The paper deals with the analysis of globalization in the context of indigenous people of Central America, South Africa, and South India. The communities of San, Yanomami, and Toda are considered to be the elements of the global society representing its diversity as well as objects for cultural homogeneity. Incorporation of tribes into modern S534 Decision-Making Paper Law The current essay provides a general description of the group decisions of a successful and unsuccessful experience of applying this method to making decisions form a background for understanding the factors which have a direct and an indirect influence on effectiveness of this process. This Couples Therapy of Domestic Violence Introduction One of the most important features of domestic violence is that it is a recurring time incidents of multiple forms of violence, physical, sexual, psychological and economic. It is important to note the difference between family conflict and violence. The conflict is of an isolated local nature; violence is a systemic basis and consists Christianity: Becoming of Religion and Becoming Religious Analisys Scholars may debate on how religions emerge though it would be valid to state that any religion appears from a need in it. Often, new religious movements emerge and evolve in response to the changing social, economic or political environments or, even more often, during turbulent times on the threshold of epochs, clashes of worldviews,

How to Fix a Database Connection Error

How to Fix a Database Connection Error You use PHP and MySQL together seamlessly on your website. This one day, out of the blue, you get a database connection error. Although a database connection error could indicate a bigger problem, it is usually a result of one of a few scenarios: Everything Was Fine Yesterday You could connect yesterday and havent changed any code in your script. Suddenly today, its not working. This problem probably lies with your web host. Your hosting provider may have the databases offline for maintenance or because of an error. Contact your web server to see if that is the case and, if so, when they are expected to be back up. Oops! If your database is on a different URL than the PHP file you are using to connect to it, it could be that you let your ​domain name expire. Sounds silly, but it happens a lot. I Cant Connect to Localhost Localhost doesnt always work, so you need to point directly to your database. Often its something like mysql.yourname.com or mysql.hostingcompanyname.com. Replace localhost in your file with the direct address. If you need help, your web host can point you in the right direction. My Host Name Wont Work Double-check your username and password. Then, triple-check them. This is one area people often overlook, or they check so quickly they dont even notice their mistake. Not only do you need to check that your  credentials are correct, you should also make sure you have the correct permissions required by the script. For example, a read-only user cant add data to the database; write privileges are necessary. The Database Is Corrupt It happens. Now were entering the territory of a bigger problem. Of course, if you keep your database backed up regularly, youre going to be all right. If you know how to restore your database from a backup, by all means, go ahead and do it. However, if youve never done this, contact your web host for help. Repairing a Database in phpMyAdmin If you use phpMyAdmin with your database, you can repair it. Before you begin, make a backup of the database- just in case. Log in to your web server.Click the phpMyAdmin iconChoose the affected database. If you only have one database, it should be chosen it by default.In the main panel, you should see a list of the database tables. Click Check All.Choose Repair Table from the drop-down menu.

English paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English paper - Essay Example As such, technical elements of representation, unique and groundbreaking philosophical approaches, historical relevance, and many other aspects of Jansco’s approach will be leveraged. it is therefore the hope of this particular author that such a level of analysis will be able to engage the reader with a more full and complete understanding of the manner through which this particular filmmaker provided cinemagoers with a unique view of the world and an interpretive approach that has continued to impress film critics and common viewers alike for decades after its initial release in his native Hungary. Firstly, before delving into any of the mechanics or actual philosophical approaches that Miklos Jansco makes within the film, it would be an astounding oversight to assume that the unit of focus for the film, namely the apparatchiks of the Habsburg Empire and the imprisoned revolutionaries, were not somehow a type of comparison and contrast between the communist government of Hungary and the depression that was always a very real and present aspect of life at the time in which the film itself was made. Although it cannot be definitively stated that the premise and motivation that is reflected throughout the film is somehow allegorical of Hungary’s sociopolitical status and form of government, stark and pervasive levels of contrast exists throughout the film that impress upon the viewer the means of similarity and power of contrast in comparison that exists between the two. Furthermore, due to the fact that the communist government Hungary, and the way, and indeed are after w as repressed does not allow for open dissension, utilizing a somewhat allegorical tale of repression under a â€Å"capitalist regime† was an effective guise of quiet yet inviting criticism that could not have been represented in a more open manner. Another obvious undertone that is represented

Global Degradation of Coral Reefs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Degradation of Coral Reefs - Essay Example Coral reefs are productive ecosystem and diverse habitats in the world because of their economic and social importance including food provision, tourism among others. There is a high rate of global degradation of coral reefs and these calls for their sustainable management. Their reduction has fueled the local and international communities to come up with approaches of monitoring coral reefs. Ecology involves the study of organisms in the environmental surroundings which require spatially accurate data given the distribution of spices. In the past manual and field observation methods were used to gather ecological information. These methods were labour intensive and time consuming. As a result, remote sensing became widely incorporated in the ecological duties because of its large coverage, cost effectiveness and accuracy. This called for the venture into new technologies to enable easy and faster access of remote sensed information in the management and monitoring of ecological spec ies. (Knight, D., E. LeDrew, et al. 1997). Coral ecosystem is one of the important habitats in the world. Coral reefs play a significant role in checking the amount of carbon dioxide in the sea. Without them regulating the level carbon dioxide in water could be difficult and many species on earth including human being could be at a high risk. Although, that is the current situation in the world because people have destroyed the reefs due to the level of impurities in the water bodies this has resulted in global warming. They are also a habitat to millions of fish species, source of employment, food provision, tourism attraction sites and protect the shores fro waves. In short they are source of livelihood to millions of people around the globe (Goodman, J. A., M. Velez-Reyes, et al. 2006).This paper addresses landscape remote sensing approaches of mapping coral reefs. Discussion By 2100 coral reefs will be degraded if no measures are taken. They only cover 2 percent of the total ocean area and annually they provide a home for almost 33 percent of thousands on marine species. As mentioned above, coral reefs are threatened by a number of factors. For example, coral diseases resulting from ruining the reefs, coral reefs can be in danger of water related coastal development as it is in the case in the Caribbean. (Gledhill, D. K., R. Wanninkhof, et al. 2008). As a result of a variety of biological species in the coral ecosystem, over fishing can also be harmful because they interact and depend on one another for food and competition. Harvesting of coral reefs can be classified into controllable, Malthusian-over fished and poisonus.Studies show that reduction of species in the coral ecosystem can lead to prolification of algae. (Manus, J. W., L. A. B. Menez, et al. 1999).In response to this damage a 5 year project was launched and it was funded by the centre for s ponsored coastal ocean research (CSCOR).The research key provisions were to provide adequate data on coral reefs, tool and approaches to help marine scientists and identify phenomena that caused the degradation of coral reefs. The research addressed four major areas namely; interaction between water related activities and coral reefs, causes of biological pressure, assessment of marine protected areas and the overall nature of coral ecosystem (Hallock, P., B. H. Lidz, et al. 2003). Researchers

The Impact of Socio-economic Status on Student Achievement and Essay

The Impact of Socio-economic Status on Student Achievement and possible Intervention. Focus Australian education - Essay Example One may ask, why focus on early childhood education? It has been proven in numerous studies that the early years of any child’s life have a formative impact on their learning, development, future health as well as well-being. This forms the justification for this paper. It begins by exploring what exactly ECEC is in various contexts. It then goes on to give a background of the issue, highlighting various theories and schools of thought on the subject. Next, it discusses the Early Childhood Education and Care sector in the Australian context. In this section, the paper also highlights the different ECEC service types, particularly LDC, FDC, OSHC, IHC, preschool, Occasional care as well as the non-mainstream ECEC services. Next, it goes on to discuss the problems hindering the provision of quality ECEC services in Kenya. It then goes ahead to explain the role of Government in the provision of high quality education in general, and in ECEC sector in particular, with a focus on ho w Government intervention affects disadvantaged children. Then, the paper goes into highlighting the specific roles of the Australian as well as State and Territory governments in the ECEC sector, and how regulation can ensure the provision of high-quality ECEC services to all children, regardless of their family background. Introduction The level of student success in today’s education context is determined by a wide range of factors. This paper seeks to focus on the socio-economic status as a factor in student achievement, with a focus on the Early Childhood Education and Care sector in Australia. It is proven that the early years of any child’s life have a formative impact on their learning, development, future health as well as well-being. If the child is exposed to positive experiences in their formative years, it will also have positive outcomes in their future (Waldfogel, 2007). Research has revealed that, despite its importance, the level of quality of ECEC ser vices may not be as high as it ought to be. This is mainly caused by disjointed policy approaches and information asymmetry among other factors. These issues have been discussed in more detail further into the paper. However, the government of any nation has a responsibility to ensure that the quality of ECEC services to all the state’s children, regardless of economic background, as the adequate provision of this has bearing on economic development through adequate workforce participation (Smart, Sanson, Baxter, Edwards and Hayes, 2008). Definition of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) Waldfogel (2007) reveals that early childhood education can simply be defined as the process of administering formal teaching and care of children by people who are not part of their family, or is outside their respective home setting. Early childhood refers to the age before normal schooling, that is, between birth and five years of age. However, this definition varies between differen t nations: for example, the United States National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) defines early childhood as before the age of eight (Waldfogel, 2007). Background A child’s needs in the early years are very different from those of older children. This is because early childhood sees the greatest growth and development. The stages are such that the brain develops

Global Forces And The Western European Brewing Industry

Global Forces And The Western European Brewing Industry The PESTEL framework categorizes environmental influences into six main types: political, economic, social technological environmental and legal. Where by the politics highlight the role of government; economic refers to macroeconomic factor such as exchange rates, and differential economic growth rates around the world; social influences include changing culture and demographics; technological influences refer to innovations as the internet; environmental stands for issues such as pollution and waste; and finally legal embraces legislative constraints or changes such as health and safety legislation or restrictions on company mergers and acquisition. The Western European brewing industry is highly penetrated; too many companies due to which the competition is very steep which is causing consolidation through acquisition, alliances and closures within the industry. The PESTEL framework can be used to help identify the key forces that are driving the change in the market. Political Factors could be the active campaign of European government against drunken driving, binge drinking, and consequently the long term health and fitness problems. These campaigns have the potential to push for law changes surrounding what alcohol can be purchased in restaurants, pubs, bars and retail outlets in terms of both quantity and alcohol volume % There is an overall decline of consumption of beer in Europe as many traditional key markets have been made increasingly aware of the social problems associated with alcohol consumption. Restrictions on packaging such as the usage of cans in Denmark. Economic Economic recession in 2009 has also lead to an effect on beer sales mainly in the United Kingdom where an estimate of 50 pubs closed per week due to recession. Beer consumption per capita varies widely between countries, for example being four times higher in Germany than in Italy. Some traditionally low consumption European markets have been showing good growth, for example with reference to table 1 comparing year 1980 to 2000 the consumption of beer has increased from 3534000 hectoliters to 6453000 hectoliters which is approximately 82.60%. Social Lifestyle in emerging market has changed due to the increase in the availability of disposable income, leading to an increase in beer consumption. The new trends like wines, non alcoholic beers, extra cold lagers and fruit flavored beers will adversely affect the consumption of beers. Education and health; there is an increasing awareness of the effect of alcohol on health and fitness. Particularly in the United Kingdom there is increasing hostility to so called binge drinking excessive alcohol consumption in pubs and clubs. Technological Rate of technological change; as seen in the Anheuser Busch InBev (Belgium) company that efficiency gains will come from more central coordination of purchasing, including media and IT from the optimization of its inherited network of breweries and from the sharing of best practices across sites internationally. Innovation of new products; the case witnesses that the introduction of higher priced premium products such as non alcoholic beers, extra cold lagers or fruit flavored beers has led to increase in sales. Environmental Pollution; people are getting more and more aware of the environment and it is necessary that the companies do everything to prevent environmental pollution. It is important that the environmental load through the brewing process is as low as possible. Waste and recycling; reusability and recycling is important, the brewing industry for example treats their effluents so that they can use it again for irrigation. Through this they save energy and minimize sludge disposal. Legal International law; when comparing Europe with the United States we have witnessed that in America it is forbidden to drink in public places in contrast to Europe where you can drink alcohol wherever you want. This could lead to new laws that forbid drinking in the public place. Acquisition, licensing and strategic alliance have all occurred as the leading brewers battle to control the market. The global pressures for the consolidation due to over capacity within the industry, the need to contain costs and benefits of leveraging strong brands. For example in 2004, Belgian brewery Interbrew merged with Am Bev, the Brazilian brewer group to create the largest brewer in the world. A five forces analysis The five forces analysis was originally developed by Michael Porter in 1990, as a way of assessing the attractiveness of different industries or sectors in terms of competitive forces. The five forces constitute an industrys structure, although initially developed with businesses in mind the industry structure analysis with the five forces framework is of value to most of the organizations. As well as assessing the attractiveness of the brewing industry the five forces can help set an agenda for action on the various areas that they identify. The five forces are: Threat of new entrants Threat of substitutes Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of suppliers Competitive rivalry POTENTIAL ENTRANTS COMPETITIVE RIVALRY Threat of entry Threat of substitutes Bargaining power Bargaining power SUPPLIERS BUYERS SUBSTITUTES FIG 1 THE FIVE FORCES FRAMEWORK Threat of substitutes The threat of substitute is high because there is an availability of wine, fruit flavored beer and also extra cold lagers. From table 1 and 2 in the case study we can witness the negative effect of the substitute on beer; taking an example of Denmark table 1 shows a decline in the beer consumption and in table 2 shows increase in the importation of exotic beers from overseas. Threat of new entrants Threat of entry depends on the extent and height of barriers to entry; barriers of entry are factors that need to be overcome by new entrants if they are to compete successfully. According to the case I think the threat of new entrants is very low because the industry is very much penetrated and mergers taking place, also there are global pressures for consolidation which sustain their competitive position in the industry. There are very few big brewery companies which makes them dominate the market, so for a new entrant would be hard to have that financial effort. Bargaining power of buyers Customers of course are essential for the survival of any business, but sometimes customers can have such high bargaining power that their suppliers are hard pressed to make any profits at all. The bargaining power is high due to the government campaign strongly against drunken driving, and binge drinking which has led to an increase in off trade (retail) than on trade (beer consumed on premises as in pubs or restaurant). The off trade is increasingly dominated by large supermarket chains such as Tesco and Carrefour which gives them the bargaining power. Bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers are those who supply the organization with what it needs to produce the product or service. The main purchasing costs are packaging, raw material such as barley and energy. The European packaging industry is highly concentrated, dominated by international companies. The case shows that the bargaining power of supplier in packaging is high because there only three can makers and shifting cost from one can maker to the other could be high either in terms of money or even technology. Competitive rivalry Competitive rivalry is organizations with similar products and services aimed at the same customer group. The competitive rivalry in the brewing industry is very high because almost all companies have the same product/ product differentiation is low, high rate of acquisitions, alliances and strategic alliance and also consolidation due to over capacity within the industry. Conclusion With regard to the PESTEL analysis and the Porters five forces analysis I conclude that in order to sustain the competitive position and market share in the brewing industry, one should acquire, license or strategic alliance with an existing company could be small, medium or already a large company. Question 2 For the three breweries outlined above [or breweries of your own choice] explain: How these trends will impact differently on these different companies; and The relative strengths and weaknesses of each company Anheuser-Busch InBev [Belgium] A-B InBev is the largest brewer in the world; it achieved this position when InBev acquired the leading American brewer Anheuser Busch for 52bn. The company now has nearly 300 brands and approximate 50% share of the US market and owns 50% of Mexicos leading brewers. The company is frank about the strategy to transform itself from the biggest brewing company to the best. STRENGTH WEAKNESS Largest brewer in the world Inherited network of breweries Strong financial power The merger of Belgian Interbrew and Brazilian Am Bev in 2004 The companys strategy to transform itself from the biggest to the best by: Building strong global brands Increase efficiency through more central coordination of purchasing including median and IT. Greene King [United Kingdom] Greene King is now the largest domestic British brewer, which was established in 1799. It has expanded through a series of acquisition including Ruddles [1995], Morland [1999] and Hardys and Hansons [2006]. STRENGTH WEAKNESS Brew high quality beer from an efficient single site. Medium size brewing company Focused brand portfolio which is minimizing the complexity and cost of a multi brand strategy. Less financial power 2000 pubs across the UK with a particular dominant position in its home region of East Anglia. Expansion through acquisition, which led to critics calling the company greedy king. Tsingtao [China] Tsingtao brewery was found in 1903 by German settlers in China, after state ownership under communism Tsingtao was privatized in the early 1990s and listed on the Hong Kong stock exchange in 1993. Tsingtao has 13% market share of its home country, the company has described its ambition thus; to promote the continuous growth of the sales volume and income to step forward the target of becoming an international great company. STRENGTH WEAKNESS It is the Chinese brand leader in United States Small brewing company Its now sold in more than 62 countries. Less financial power Almost 50% of exports Home market share is very low {13%} A bottle of Tsingtao appeared in the 1982 science fiction film blade Ronner.